Caddy is a production-grade, extensible web server platform written in Go. It automatically manages HTTPS certificates (via ACME/ZeroSSL) and provides a rich set of HTTP middleware including reverse proxy, file serving, authentication, compression, and headers manipulation. The architecture is modular: all features are registered as Caddy modules following a consistent lifecycle (Provision/Validate/Cleanup) and configured via a JSON config or the Caddyfile adapter. Key entry points are the CLI (caddy run, caddy start, etc.) and the admin API for runtime config changes. Primary data flows involve incoming HTTP requests being processed by a middleware chain of matchers and handlers, with TLS termination handled by the TLS app. External dependencies include certmagic for certificate management, zap for structured logging, Prometheus for metrics, and OpenTelemetry for tracing. The codebase is actively maintained with extensive test coverage and fuzz testing.
This repository is the curl project, consisting of the libcurl library and the curl command-line tool. libcurl is a client-side URL transfer library supporting a wide range of protocols including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SCP, SFTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, LDAP, MQTT, WebSocket, and many more. The curl tool provides a powerful command-line interface for making network requests with extensive options for authentication, SSL/TLS configuration, proxy support, output formatting, and scripting. The architecture is a classic C library with a public API (include/curl/) and a separate CLI tool (src/) that links against the library. Key entry points include curl_easy_perform() for synchronous transfers, curl_multi_perform() for asynchronous multiplexed transfers, and the curl command-line binary. Data flows involve URL parsing, DNS resolution (with support for c-ares, threaded, and DoH), connection establishment via a filter chain (TCP, TLS, HTTP/2, HTTP/3, SOCKS, etc.), protocol-specific handling, and response processing. External dependencies include OpenSSL, GnuTLS, wolfSSL, mbedTLS, Schannel, rustls for TLS; c-ares for async DNS; libssh2/libssh for SSH; nghttp2 for HTTP/2; ngtcp2 and quiche for HTTP/3; and various system libraries. The codebase is exceptionally well-structured, with a modular filter architecture, extensive test coverage (unit, integration, and HTTP test suites), and a strong emphasis on portability across Unix, Windows, macOS, and embedded platforms.
This repository is the source code for NGINX, a production-grade web server, reverse proxy, load balancer, API gateway, and mail proxy. The codebase is written entirely in C and is a definitive example of high-performance systems architecture. It employs a modular, event-driven, multi-process (master/worker) model. The core infrastructure is built around a set of highly optimized, self-contained data structures and utilities: a slab allocator for shared memory, a memory pool for request-scoped allocation, a red-black tree for timers and caches, a radix tree for IP routing, a hash table with wildcard support for server name matching, and an incremental JSON parser. The build system (auto/) is a sophisticated set of shell scripts that handle platform detection, dependency configuration, and module compilation. The code supports HTTP/1.x, HTTP/2, HTTP/3 (QUIC), TCP/UDP proxying (Stream module), and mail protocols (POP3, IMAP, SMTP). It is actively maintained, with a strong focus on performance, stability, and security. The code is exceptionally clean and well-structured for a project of its age and complexity, though it contains some platform-specific #ifdef sprawl and duplication between HTTP and Stream modules (e.g., upstream least_time, map).
Echo is a high-performance, minimalist Go web framework for building HTTP APIs and web applications. It provides a radix-tree router, middleware chain, context-based request-scoped data sharing, and pluggable binding/rendering systems. The framework emphasizes simplicity, zero-copy optimizations, and interoperability with net/http while offering extensive middleware for cross-cutting concerns like logging, compression, security, and static file serving. Production usage spans blockchain, cloud functions, enterprise systems, and SaaS platforms, demonstrating real-world adoption and reliability.
Bandit is a production-grade HTTP server library for Elixir, implementing HTTP/1 (RFC 9112), HTTP/2 (RFC 9113), and WebSocket (RFC 6455) protocols. It is built on the Thousand Island connection management library and serves as the default HTTP server for the Phoenix web framework (since version 1.7.11). The library is designed for correctness, security, and performance, achieving 100% conformance in the h2spec (HTTP/2) and Autobahn (WebSocket) test suites, while outperforming alternatives like Cowboy in benchmark comparisons. Architecturally, Bandit uses a protocol-sniffing initial handler that dispatches incoming connections to either an HTTP/1 or HTTP/2 handler based on the client preface. HTTP/2 connections follow a process-per-connection model with a separate stream process for each concurrent request, while HTTP/1 and WebSocket connections operate within a single process. The library exposes a small public API centered on the `Bandit` module, which validates options and delegates to Thousand Island. Internally, it defines clear abstractions such as the `Bandit.HTTPTransport` protocol for shared transport logic, a reusable `Bandit.Extractor` state machine for frame parsing, and telemetry spans for observability. Key features include support for HTTP/1 keepalive, HTTP/2 flow control and HPACK header compression, WebSocket permessage-deflate compression, content-encoding negotiation (gzip, deflate, zstd), Unix socket binding, and comprehensive error handling with clear RFC citations. The library is actively maintained with frequent releases addressing security vulnerabilities and edge cases, and includes extensive CI workflows for conformance testing, benchmarking, and regression prevention.
This repository implements a comprehensive HTTP server application written in Rust. It serves files from a directory with features including directory listing, authentication, WebDAV support, archive generation (ZIP/TAR), bandwidth limiting, TLS encryption, and response compression. The architecture is monolithic, using the Iron web framework with Hyper for HTTP handling. Key components include modular operation handling (file serving, WebDAV, archiving), command-line option parsing, OS-specific utilities, and intelligent caching mechanisms for encoded content.
https-localhost is a developer tool that runs an HTTPS server on localhost using locally-trusted SSL certificates. It downloads the mkcert binary appropriate for the host OS/architecture, executes it to install a local CA into system/browser trust stores, and generates per-host certificates. The resulting HTTPS server can either serve static files from a directory or act as a reverse proxy to an existing HTTP/HTTPS server, with optional HTTP-to-HTTPS redirection. It ships as both a global CLI (the `serve` binary) and a programmatic API (`createServer()`, `getCerts()`). Architecturally it is a small, well-separated set of ES modules built directly on Node's built-in http/https servers with no framework dependency. The router dispatches between a static file handler and a proxy handler; CORS headers are applied globally; environment/CLI configuration is validated through a zod schema where CLI flags take precedence over environment variables. External runtime dependencies are deliberately minimal: only `mrmime` for MIME lookup and `zod` for config validation, plus the downloaded mkcert binary. The static handler is the strongest piece: it implements path-traversal sanitization, ETag/Last-Modified conditional requests, byte-range responses (206/416), HEAD/OPTIONS support, directory index serving with query-preserving trailing-slash redirects, and custom 404.html lookup. The proxy handler strips hop-by-hop headers, injects X-Forwarded-* headers, tunnels WebSocket upgrades, and cleanly returns 502 when upstreams fail or die mid-response. Test coverage is comprehensive and genuinely exercises real sockets: unit tests for env parsing and certificate lifecycle, integration tests for static serving and proxying, CLI spawn tests, and edge-case tests for malformed percent-encoding, CORS preflight without upstream contact, and client hang prevention. CI runs a matrix across Ubuntu/macOS and Node 24/26 with strict type-aware linting, dead-code detection (knip), and formatting checks. Minor weaknesses: synchronous fs calls in the static handler (fine for a dev tool), a `process.exit()` call inside library code for unsupported platforms, minimal error handling in the mkcert download routine (only follows 302s, ignores non-2xx statuses), and no Windows CI coverage despite Windows-specific code paths.
govcr is a Go library that records and replays HTTP/HTTPS interactions for testing purposes, acting as an HTTP mock. It wraps an http.Client to intercept requests, either playing back recorded responses from cassette files (JSON) or making live requests and recording them. The library supports various modes (normal, live-only, offline, read-only), cassette encryption (AES-GCM, ChaCha20Poly1305), multiple storage backends (local filesystem, AWS S3), flexible request matching, and request/response transformation via mutators. The architecture centers around a custom http.RoundTripper implementation that integrates cassette storage, request matching, mutation systems, and encryption layers.
This repository is a toolchain for generating Apple Configuration Profiles (.mobileconfig) that configure DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT) on iOS, iPadOS, and macOS devices. It maintains a curated registry of public encrypted DNS providers (e.g., AdGuard, Cloudflare, Quad9, CleanBrowsing) with metadata such as server addresses, filtering capabilities, and region. The build pipeline reads provider definitions from JSON files under src/, generates unsigned profiles in profiles/, optionally signs them with CMS digital signatures using a user-provided ECC certificate, and places signed versions in signed/. It also produces multi-language README files (English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese) with provider tables and installation links. The architecture is a set of TypeScript scripts executed via npm commands (build, sign, new, test). There is no runtime server or daemon; the output is static files intended for manual installation by end users. The interactive CLI (npm run new) guides users through creating new provider profiles with validation and optional signing. The codebase demonstrates solid engineering practices: deterministic UUIDs (v5) for stable profile identifiers, CMS signing with both Node.js crypto and OpenSSL parity tests, and a modular design that separates provider data, language templates, and build logic. While the repository is primarily a build tool, it also serves as a reference for encrypted DNS provider capabilities and a practical solution for deploying encrypted DNS on Apple devices. The signed profiles provide authenticity verification, and the multi-language support broadens accessibility. The code is well-structured and maintainable, though it relies on external certificates for signing and manual updates to provider data when server endpoints change.
sish is a production-grade, self-hosted SSH reverse tunneling server written in Go. It acts as a multiplexer that accepts SSH connections and forwards HTTP(S), WebSocket, TCP, and TLS (SNI) traffic to local services. Unlike ngrok or serveo, sish requires no custom client—users connect with standard SSH remote port forwarding. The server listens on SSH (default 2222), HTTP (80), and HTTPS (443) ports, and uses unix sockets for internal routing. It supports load balancing, TCP aliases, custom domains via DNS verification, on-demand Let's Encrypt certificates, and a real-time web console for inspecting forwarded requests. The architecture is monolithic but highly concurrent, leveraging goroutines and syncmap for state management. The codebase is well-structured with clear separation of concerns: SSH multiplexing (sshmuxer), HTTP handling (httpmuxer), and shared utilities (utils). It includes integration tests for authentication key requests and connection cleanup. The project is actively maintained with regular releases, CI/CD pipelines, and comprehensive documentation.
Gopeed is a high-performance, cross-platform download manager written in Go with a Flutter frontend. It supports HTTP/HTTPS, BitTorrent, Magnet links, ed2k, and HLS streaming protocols. The backend provides a REST API, CLI, and an MCP server for AI agent integration. The frontend is a full-featured Flutter app for desktop (Windows, macOS, Linux), mobile (Android, iOS), and web. Key features include multi-connection downloads with slow-start and work-stealing, a JavaScript extension system (goja) with polyfills for fetch, XHR, Blob, and streams, archive extraction (zip, 7z, rar), webhook/script notifications, and browser impersonation via TLS fingerprinting. The architecture is modular: protocol-specific fetchers implement a common interface, the download engine manages task lifecycle and persistence (BoltDB), and the UI communicates via RPC or FFI. The codebase is well-tested with extensive integration tests and includes a legacy Flutter UI (ui/flutter_old) alongside the current one, indicating an ongoing migration from GetX to Riverpod.
HTTPS-PORTAL is a Docker image that automates HTTPS setup using Nginx and Let's Encrypt. It provides a fully automated reverse proxy that obtains SSL certificates, configures Nginx, and handles renewal. The container runs multiple supervised processes via s6-overlay: Nginx, docker-gen (for automatic container discovery), cron (for certificate renewal), and a dynamic environment watcher. Configuration is driven by environment variables, primarily the `DOMAINS` variable which supports a rich syntax for specifying upstreams, redirects, basic auth, access restrictions, custom ports, and per-domain stages. The codebase is primarily Ruby scripts that parse domain descriptors, generate Nginx configuration from ERB templates, and orchestrate certificate signing via acme-tiny. The architecture is clean and modular, with clear separation between domain parsing, certificate management, and Nginx configuration generation. The repository includes comprehensive integration tests using Docker Compose and RSpec.
CherryPy is a mature, production-grade Python web framework that maps HTTP requests to Python callables using an object-oriented approach. It provides a built-in HTTP server (via Cheroot), a flexible configuration system, a publish/subscribe bus for lifecycle management, and a rich middleware/tool system for authentication, sessions, caching, static file serving, and more. The architecture is modular: the core request/response pipeline, dispatchers (tree-walking, method-based, routes), and a plugin system allow deep customization. CherryPy can be used standalone or embedded in other WSGI servers. It is not a data research project; it is a pure application framework with extensive testing and documentation.
Certimate is a self-hosted SSL certificate automation tool that manages the full lifecycle of TLS certificates: issuance via ACME protocol, deployment to a vast array of cloud providers (CDN, WAF, load balancers, object storage, hosting panels), and notification via chat bots and email. The system is a single-binary application with an embedded PocketBase backend (SQLite) and a React frontend. The backend is written in a Go-like language and exposes REST APIs for managing certificates, workflows, and settings. The frontend provides a visual workflow designer for creating automation pipelines with nodes for ACME issuance, deployment, upload, monitoring, and notification. Architecture: The application is built around a plugin-style provider architecture. Core interfaces (Deployer, Certmgr, Notifier, ACMEChallenger) are implemented by dozens of providers for different cloud services. A workflow engine executes directed acyclic graphs of nodes, with support for conditions, try/catch, delays, and parallel branches. The system uses PocketBase for persistence, cron-based scheduling, and admin authentication. The UI is built with React, Ant Design, and a flow editor library. Key entry points: main.go (CLI entry), cmd/serve_*.go (server startup), internal/rest/handlers/ (REST endpoints), internal/workflow/engine/ (workflow execution), internal/certacme/ (ACME client), internal/certmgmt/deployers/ (deployment registry), internal/notify/ (notification service). Data flows: User configures access credentials and workflows via UI. Workflows are scheduled via cron and executed by the engine, which calls ACME challengers to issue certificates, then deployers to install them, and notifiers to send alerts. Certificate and workflow state is persisted in PocketBase. External dependencies: PocketBase for storage and admin auth, lego (go-acme) for ACME protocol, dozens of cloud provider SDKs (Alibaba, AWS, Tencent, Huawei, etc.), and various third-party APIs for DNS challenges and deployment. The project also includes trimmed/patched copies of several SDKs to reduce dependency footprint.
Dromara/forest is a declarative HTTP client framework for Java. It allows developers to define HTTP APIs via annotations on interfaces, similar to Retrofit for Android, but targeting the Java ecosystem with deep integration for Spring Boot and Solon. The core engine uses dynamic proxies to intercept interface invocations, builds HTTP requests from annotation metadata, and dispatches them to pluggable backends (Apache HttpClient, OkHttp3). It supports all HTTP methods, file upload/download, JSON/XML/Protobuf serialization, server-sent events (SSE), OAuth2 authentication, retry/redirect policies, cookie management, and async execution (including Kotlin coroutines and Project Reactor). The architecture is modular: a core library defines the annotation lifecycle, request/response models, converter abstractions, and interceptor chains, while separate modules provide Spring Boot auto-configuration, Solon plugin, JAXB/Jakarta XML converters, and a mock server for testing. The framework is designed for production use with customizable logging, SSL, proxy, and connection pooling. External dependencies include OkHttp3, Apache HttpClient, Jackson/Gson/Fastjson for JSON, and optional Reactor/Kotlin. The project includes extensive examples for integrating with AI APIs (ChatGPT, DeepSeek) and standard REST services.